17.4: HNA antibody detection methods There are several techniques for the detection of HNA-reactive antibodies. These techniques can be divided into non-specific (where intact g…
17.3: HNA typing methods HNA types should be determined using antibody-based and/or DNA/PCR-based techniques that have been validated in the laboratory. Polyclonal human anti-HN…
17.2: Nomenclature The current nomenclature for HNA and corresponding antibodies is based on epitopes and allelic typing and this must be used for recording granulocyte-specific alloanti…
17.5: Donor testing 17.5.1: HNA typing HNA typing of donors whose granulocytes may be transfused to support HNA-immunised recipients should, wherever possible, be typed twice …
17.6: Patient testing 17.6.1: HNA typing Patients should be typed for HNA following the guidelines for donor HNA typing. A provisional type can be issued on the basis of a phe…
17.1: Reagent manufacture/reference preparations/cell panels 17.1.1: HNA typing reagents There are several human neutrophil antigen (HNA) genotyping and phenotyping techniques…
16.9: References The European Federation for Immunogenetics (EFI) Standards. Available at www.efiweb.eu WHO Nomenclature Committee fo…
16.7: Leucocyte crossmatching in blood transfusion Crossmatching may be used in the diagnosis of TRALI and the treatment of HLA- or HNA-sensitised patients with granulocyte transfusions.…
16.6: Testing for HLA-specific antibodies HLA-specific antibody screening and characterisation must comply with the relevant EFI Standards. Sera containing HLA-specific antibodi…
16.5: Testing of HLA genes and gene products DNA-based methods must identify all HLA alleles included in the most recent WHO Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System Report
16.4: Reagents 16.4.1: DNA typing reagents Methods available for HLA typing of DNA samples rely on identification of polymorphic HLA gene sequence motifs. In all widely used m…
16.2: Introduction The transfusion or transplantation of blood components bearing allogeneic HLA can stimulate clinically significant immunological responses. All cellular components exc…
16.1: Preamble DNA-based testing for HLA alleles has now completely replaced serological phenotyping and antibody detection/characterisation involves non-cell-based methods.…
15.6: References Daniels G, Finning K, Martin P, Massey E (2009). Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal blood group phenotypes: current practice and future prospects. Prenat…
15.5: External quality assurance It is important that any laboratory performing this testing for clinical purposes participates in some sort of external quality assurance scheme. There i…
15.3: ABO typing by molecular genetics Whereas ABO typing by serological means is straightforward and extremely accurate, the genetics of ABO is complex, rendering ABO molecular typing b…
15.4: Methods available for molecular blood grouping 15.4.1: Fetal typing The usual technology employed for fetal blood group typing, in which the mother lacks the antigen to …
15.1: Introduction Genes for all of the blood group systems have been isolated and the molecular bases for most of the clinically important blood group antigens are known. So it is now p…
14.3: Working practices DNA should be as intact as possible. An archival record (e.g. photograph or electronic image) of each post-PCR run should be retained.
14.2: Avoidance of contamination DNA should be purified by a standard method that has been reported to the scientific literature and validated in the laboratory. DNA should be suitably s…
12.14: Manual testing A manual testing system is one in which the minimum automated testing criteria have not been met. Manual testing can be used to resolve anomalous r…
12.13: Automated testing An automated system as a minimum must accomplish the following: positive sample identification, reading and interpretation of results m…
12.11: Additional testing 12.11.1: Antibody identification Donations found to be reactive in the routine antibody screen may be further investigated for specificity.
12.12: Donations found to have a positive direct antiglobulin test Direct antiglobulin test (DAT) positive donations may be identified incidentally by testing laboratories when:
12.10: Mandatory testing of blood donations Blood groups shall be determined using reagents that comply with Chapter 11 of these guidelines. All mandatory tests must be performe…